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J.R.R. Tolkien, "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings", in Parma Eldalamberon XVII (edited by Christopher Gilson), p. 99
a b Schneidewind, Friedhelm (2007). "Biology of Middle-earth". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment. Routledge. p.66. ISBN 978-0-4159-6942-0. Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series): Due to timing and certain legal issues, the radio series uses the term skirt (pron. "skeert") and skirti for an "orc" and "orcs" (a neologism derived from the Czech translation's skrět, skrěti, "goblins"). Some of the orc characters are credited, e.g. Grishnakh in The Two Towers is portrayed by Eduard Vitek, and in The Return of the King, a Mordor orc commander whipping a disguised Frodo and Sam into shape is played by Jozef Šimonovič. This 1980 animated film attempted to explain to viewers the identification of goblins with Orcs. Early in the movie, Sam is heard thinking, "Orcs in the tower. Old Bilbo called them goblins. Whatever the name, I loathe the vile creatures." The Goblins/Orcs in this film use much the same design as those seen in The Hobbit, but with more variations in shape and size, and a more bluish skin tone. During the War of the Elves and Sauron, in S.A. 1700, Orcs formed the main power of Sauron's host. Despite the immeasurable number of Orcs, the Dark Lord was defeated by the united hosts of Elves and Númenóreans. Still Sauron was powerful east of the Misty Mountains and the Orcs that inhabited the mountains and the eastern lands multiplied. The fate of the Orcs after the Third Age is unknown. Though many of the Dark Lord's footsoldiers fought on and were slain in the weeks following the Battle of the Morannon, the true number of Sauron's hosts is unclear, as are the numbers of Orcs not within Mordor that may still inhabit the rest of Middle-earth. It is at least known that the Orcs of Moria either fled or were slain by the Fourth Age, as it is mentioned that the Dwarves managed to retake Moria and the mines within it.EtymologyIt is said that the word "Goblin" came from the Old French word "Gobelin," referring to an evil gnome. It is also said that the word could come from the word "Gobelinus," which has German, Latin, and Greek roots. Gobelinus is the name of a demon or devil that was said to haunt Normandy during the twelfth century. The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: Goblins have been made clearly distinct from Orcs. Tolkien's Orcs have been a subject of criticism of racism. Tolkien described Orcs as "squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes: in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types". [44] Other writings [ edit | edit source ]
Tolkien (1963). Letter dated 21 October 1963 to Ms. Munsby, cited in Gee, Henry. "The Science of Middle-earth: Sex and the Single Orc". TheOneRing.net . Retrieved 29 May 2009. Fictionally, it is then possibly derived from 'orch', the Sindarin word for Orc. The original sense of the word seems to be "bogey", "bogeyman", that is, something that provokes fear, as seen in the Quenya cognate urko, pl. urqui. [25] J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Lost Road and Other Writings, Part Three: " The Etymologies", p. 379 (entry for ÓROK)In the early Third Age, Orcs of the Misty Mountains - whose chiefs were great Orcs from Barad-dûr- ambushed Isildur and his escort at the Gladden Fields. In the ensuing battle they slew the High-king of Gondor and Arnor and his guards. [8] The D&D orcs are endowed with muscular frames, large canine teeth like boar's tusks, and snouts rather than human-like noses. [41] [39] While a pug-nose ("flat-nosed" [T 20]) was attributable to Tolkien's written correspondence, the pig-headed (pig-faced [42]) look was imparted on the orc by the D&D original edition (1974). [43] It was later modified from bald-headed to hairy in subsequent editions. [43] In the third version of the game the orc became gray-skinned, [44] [45] [46] even though a complicated color-palleted description of a (non-gray) orc had been implemented in the Monster Manual for the first edition (1977). [47] Newer versions seem to have dropped references to skin-color. [39] The goblin & hobgoblin was the English translation that he used for Orc. He used the term "goblins" extensively in The Hobbit, and he also did the same occasionally when he wrote The Lord of the Rings. There has been a debate on whether the goblins and the orcs are the same. An example from J.R.R.'s writings, particularly in The Hobbit. In The Hobbit, Gandalf asks Thorin if he remembers the creature who killed his grandfather, Thror. In the Etymologies, the Elvish names used to translate "goblin" derive from root ÓROK and are: [37] Goblins in the Battle of Five Armies, depicted by Justin GerardBy TA 2941, the Goblins of Goblin-town led by their chieftain, the " Great Goblin", forged an alliance with Wargs against the nearby Woodmen, seeking to destroy or enslave them. [18] During the Quest of Erebor, these Goblins captured Thorin and Company and held them prisoner, believing them to be spies of their enemies. Thorin Oakenshield and his companions were rescued by Gandalf the Grey, who felled the Great Goblin himself, and led them out of the tunnels. Bitter at their chieftain's slaying by the Wizard, [19] the Goblins banded with the Wargs in pursuing the company, but were prevented from exacting retribution due to the Great Eagles's intervention. [18] After the death of the Dragon Smaug, Bolg assembled the Goblins of both the Misty Mountains and the Grey Mountains at Gundabad and marched towards Erebor, seeking revenge and plunder. In the ensuing Battle of Five Armies, Bolg of the North was slain by Beorn the skin-changer and the Goblin army was vanquished by the combined forces of Elves, Men, Dwarves and Great Eagles. [17] [20] War of the Ring " At that time Sauron had arisen again, and the shadow of Mordor reached out to Rohan. Orcs began to raid in the eastern regions and slay or steal horses. Others also came down from the Misty Mountains, many being great Uruks in the service of Saruman, though it was long before that was suspected." — The Lord of the Rings, The House of Eorl
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